The New Extremism — Bibliography (by subject)

David Golumbia and Adrienne Massanari

Editors’ note: this is an attempt to construct a comprehensive bibliography of all serious work on the development and online engagement of the so-called alt-right. We avoid actual alt-right sources, though many can be found in the secondary works we list. The fact that a work is included here should not be taken as an endorsement of the work or its conclusions.

The subject groupings here are approximate and not mutually exclusive. Many works cover more than one topic, and we have endeavored only to indicate the works that emphasize each particular topic.

As in the pieces included in “The New Extremism” issue, we have not listed any works here by members of the alt-right, or published by them. Where pieces in the special issue needed to quote these works, we relied exclusively on copies archived at archive.org or another independent source, but have not included these links in this bibliography.

Organized by Subject | Alphabetical List | Other Resources

Embedded Reporting on Alt-Right Groups

• Documenting Hate: Charlottesville. 2018. Frontline and ProPublica (Aug 7).
• Lewis, David. 2017. “We Snuck Into Seattle’s Super-Secret White Nationalist Convention.” The Stranger (Oct 4).
• Lombroso, Daniel. 2020. “Four Years Embedded With the Alt-Right: What I Learned About the Seductive Power of Hate From Making the Documentary White Noise.” The Atlantic (Jun 11).
• Lombroso, Daniel, dir. 2020a. White Noise: Inside the Racist Right. Documentary film. The Atlantic.
• Lombroso, Daniel. 2020b. “Why the Alt-Right’s Most Famous Woman Disappeared.” The Atlantic (Oct 16).
• O’Brien, Luke. 2016. “My Journey to the Center of the Alt-Right.” Huffington Post (Nov 3).
• Penny, Laurie. 2017. “On the Milo Bus with the Lost Boys of America’s New Right.” Pacific Standard (Feb 22).
• Singal, Jesse. 2017. “Undercover With the Alt-Right.” The New York Times (Sep 19).

General Pieces on the Alt-Right

• Assael, Shaun, and Peter Keating. 2019. “The Massacre That Spawned the Alt-Right.” Politico (Nov 3).
• Beran, Dale. 2019. It Came from Something Awful: How a Toxic Troll Army Accidentally Memed Donald Trump Into Office. New York: All Points Books.
  
• Bernstein, Jay M. 2017. “Adorno’s Uncanny Analysis of Trump’s Authoritarian Personality.” Public Seminar (Oct 5).
• Brooker, Ben. 2019. “The 14 Rules for Eternal Fascism: Jordan Peterson and the Far Right.” Overland (Feb 14).
• Burley, Shane. 2017. Fascism Today: What It Is and How to End It. Chico, CA: AK Press.
• Burrows, Roger. 2019. “On Neoreaction.” The Sociological Review (Mar 28).
• Caldwell, Christopher. 2016. “What the Alt-Right Really Means.” The New York Times (Dec 2).
• “Cold and Dark Stars.” 2017. “The Univariate Mind of the Far-Right Crank.” (Sep 1).
• Colley, Thomas, and Martin Moore. 2020. “The Challenges of Studying 4chan and the Alt-Right: ‘Come On in the Water’s Fine.’” New Media & Society (Sep).
• ContraPoints. 2017. “Decrypting the Alt-Right: How to Recognize a Fascist.” YouTube. (Sep 1).
• Coutts, Sharona. 2017. “How Hate Goes ‘Mainstream’: Gavin McInnes and the Proud Boys.” ReWire.News (Aug 28).
• Duesterberg, James. 2017. “Final Fantasy: Neoreactionary Politics and the Liberal Imagination.” The Point (July 2).
• Evans, Robert, and Jason Wilson. 2020. “The Boogaloo Movement Is Not What You Think.” Bellingcat (May 27).
• Feldman, Brian. 2017. “The ‘Ironic’ Nazi is Coming to an End.” New York Magazine.
• Flisfeder, Matthew. 2018. “‘Trump’—What Does the Name Signify? or, Protofascism and the Alt-Right: Three Contradictions of the Present Conjuncture.” Cultural Politics 14:1 (Mar). 1-19.
• Fluss, Harrison, and Landon Frim. 2017. “The Fascist Bestiary of the Alt-Right.” Salvage (Dec 21).
• Gais, Hannah. 2020. “How Kevin DeAnna Orchestrated the Alt-Right’s Approach to Conservative Institutions.” Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center (Mar 3).
• Gilroy, Paul. 2019. “Agonistic Belonging: The Banality of Good, the ‘Alt Right,’ and the Need for Sympathy.” Open Cultural Studies 3. 1-14.
• Gittlitz, A. M. 2015. “Black Sun Rising.” The New Inquiry (Jan 28).
• Goldstein, Joseph. 2016. “Alt-Right Gathering Exults in Trump Election with Nazi-Era Salute.” The New York Times (Nov 20).
• Gordon, Peter E. 2016. “The Authoritarian Personality Revisited: Reading Adorno in the Age of Trump.” b2o: An Online Journal 1:1 (Jun).
• Hampton, Rachelle. 2019. “The Black Feminists Who Saw the Alt-Right Threat Coming.” Slate (Apr 23).
• Hawley, George. 2018. “The Demography of the Alt-Right.” Institute for Family Studies (Aug 9).
• Hawley, George. 2019. Making Sense of the Alt-Right. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Hermansson, Patrick, David Lawrence, Joe Mulhall, and Simon Murdoch. 2020. The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century? London: Routledge.
• HoSang, Daniel Martinez and Joseph E. Lowndes. 2019. Producers, Parasites, Patriots: Race and the New Right-Wing Politics of Precarity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Jutel, Olivier. 2017. “The Alt-Right and the Death of Counterculture.” Overland Literary Journal (July).
• Klein, Jessica. 2019. “Here’s the Dark Enlightenment Explainer You Never Wanted.” Breaker (Jan 3).
• LaFrance, Adrienne. 2020. “The Prophecies of Q.” The Atlantic (Jun).
• Liu, Catherine. 2017. “Dialectic of Dark Enlightenments: The Alt-Right’s Place in the Culture Industry.” LA Review of Books (Jul 30).
• Lyons, Matthew. 2017. Ctrl-Alt-Delete: The Origins and Ideology of the Alternative Right. Political Research Associates.
• MacDougald, Park. 2015. “The Darkness Before the Right.” The Awl (Sep 28).
• Matthews, Dylan. 2016. “The Alt-Right Is Way More than Warmed-Over White Supremacy. It’s That, But Way Way Weirder.” Vox (Aug 25).
• Matthews, Dylan. 2017a. “Neo-Monarchist Blogger Denies He’s Chatting With Steve Bannon.” Vox (Feb 7).
• Matthews, Dylan. 2017b. “Why the Alt-Right Loves Single-Payer Healthcare.” Vox (Apr 4).
• Miller-Idriss, Cynthia. 2020. Hate in the Homeland: The New Global Far Right. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Mulhall, Joe. 2020. “Andrew Sabisky’s Job at No. 10 Shows How Mainstream the Alt-Right Has Become.” The Guardian (Feb 18).
• Nagle, Angela. 2017. “Goodbye, Pepe: The End of the Alt-Right.” The Baffler (Aug 15).
• Nagle, Angela. 2017. “The Lost Boys: The Young Men of the Alt-Right Could Define American Politics for a Generation.” The Atlantic (Dec).
• Neiwert, David. 2018. Alt-America: The Rise of the Radical Right in the Age of Trump. New York: Verso.
• O’Brien, Luke. 2017. “The Making of an American Nazi.” The Atlantic (Dec).
• O’Connor, Brendan. 2019. “Laundering White Nationalism.” The Baffler (Nov 19).
• O’Connor, Maureen. 2017. “The Philosophical Fascists of the Gay Alt-Right.” New York Magazine (Apr 30).
• Osterweil, Vicky. 2017. “Liberalism is Dead.” The New Inquiry (Sep 15).
• Overwijk, Jan and Adriaan van Veldhuizen. 2018. “Postmodernism Has Been Wrongly Identified as the Great Enemy by the Alt-Right” (orig in Dutch). De Groene Amsterdammer (Jan 24).
• Parton, Heather Digby. 2017. “Now the Libertarians Have Known Sin: Reckoning With the Rise of the ‘Alt-Right.’” Salon (Aug 24).
• Phelan, Sean. 2019. “Neoliberalism, the Far Right, and the Disparaging of ‘Social Justice Warriors.'” Communication, Culture, and Critique tcz040 (Nov 26).
• Pierce, Charles P. 2018. “‘We’ Did Not Miss the Rise of Right-Wing Extremism. You Did.” Esquire (Dec 13).
• Pinto, Ana Teixeira. 2017. “Artwashing NRx and the Alt-Right.” Texte zur Kunst 106 (Jun). 152-171.
• Poulter, James. 2018. “Who Made the Alt-Right?” New Humanist (Jan 8).
• Reeve, Elle. 2019. “How 8chan Was Born—And Became the Worst Place on the Internet.” Vice (Sep 5).
• Reid, Shannon E., and Matthew Valasik. 2020. Alt-Right Gangs: A Hazy Shade of White. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
• Siegel, Jacob. 2016. “The Alt-Right’s Jewish Godfather.” Tablet (Nov 29). On Paul Gottfried.
• Slobodian, Quinn. 2019. “Anti-’68ers and the Racist-Libertarian Alliance: How a Schism among Austrian School Neoliberals Helped Spawn the Alt Right.” Cultural Politics 15:3 (Nov). 372-386.
• Stanton, Gregory. 2020. “QAnon Is a Nazi Cult, Rebranded.” Just Security (Sep 8).
• Stern, Alexandra Minna. 2019. Proud Boys and the White Ethnostate: How the Alt-Right is Warping the American Imagination. New York: Beacon Press.
• Taub, Amanda. 2016. “‘White Nationalism,’ Explained.” The New York Times (Nov 21).
• Toscano, Alberto. 2017. “Notes on Late Fascism.” Historical Materialism (Apr 2).
• UnKoch My Campus. No date. “The Ideas – Austrian Economics: A Gateway to Extremism.”
• Van Zuylen-Wood, Simon, Noreen Malone, Max Read, Andrew Sullivan, Park MacDougald, Jason Willick, Mark Jacobson, Maureen O’Connor, Gabriel Sherman, Ben Crair, Nick Richardson, and Mark O’Connell. 2017. “Beyond Alt: The Extremely Reactionary, Burn-It-All-Down-Radical, Newfangled Far Right.” New York Magazine (May 1).
• Wagner, Kyle, 2014. “The Future of the Culture Wars Is Here, and It’s Gamergate.” Deadspin (Oct 14).
• Wendling, Mike. 2018. Alt-Right: From 4chan to the White House. London: Pluto Press.
• Wiggins, Bradley. 2020. “Boogaloo and Civil War 2: Memetic Antagonism in Expressions of Covert Activism.” New Media & Society (Aug).
• Wilson, Jason. 2017. “Hiding in Plain Sight: How the ‘Alt-Right’ Is Weaponizing Irony to Spread Fascism.” The Guardian (May 23).
• Wilson, Jason. 2017. “How ‘Alt-Right’ Ideology Leaked into Mainstream Australian Politics.” Behind the Lines (Mar 1).
• Wilson, Jason. 2019. “‘We’ve Dug Ourselves a Really Deep Hole’—David Neiwert on the Rise of the Far Right.” The Guardian (Jan 27).
• Wood, Graeme. 2017. “His Kampf: Richard Spencer Is a Troll and an Icon for White Supremacists. He Was Also My High-School Classmate.” The Atlantic (Jun).
• Younge, Gary. 2019. “Shocked By the Rise of the Right? Then You Weren’t Paying Attention.” The Guardian (May 24).

Accelerationism

• Beckett, Andy. 2017. “Accelerationism: How a Fringe Philosophy Predicted the Future We Live In.” The Guardian (May 11).
• Burrows, Roger. 2019. “Urban Futures and the Dark Enlightenment: A Guide for the Perplexed.” In Keith Jacobs and Jeff Malpass, eds., Towards a Philosophy of the City: Interdisciplinary and Transcultural Perspectives. London: Rowman and Littlefield. 245–258.
• Culp, Andrew. 2016. Dark Deleuze. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• MacDougald, Park. 2016. “Accelerationism Left and Right.” (Apr 14).
• Noys, Benjamin. 2014. Malign Velocities: Accelerationism and Capitalism. London: Zer0.
• Turner, Fred. 2016. “On Accelerationism.” Public Books (Sep 1).
• Wilson, Jason. 2020. “The Base: Exporting Accelerationist Terror.” Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center (Aug 12).

“Cultural Marxism” & the Revival of “Cultural Bolshevism”

• Berkowitz, Bill. 2003. “‘Cultural Marxism’ Catching On.” Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center (Aug 15).
• Berlatsky, Noah. 2018. “How Anti-Leftism Has Made Jordan Peterson a Mark for Fascist Propaganda.” Pacific Standard (Mar 2).
• Huyssen, Andreas. 2017. “Breitbart, Bannon, Trump, and the Frankfurt School: A Strange Meeting of Minds.” Public Seminar (Sep 28).
• Huyssen, Andreas. 2019. “Behemoth Rises Again.” n+1 (Jul 29).
• Jay, Martin. 2011. “Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe.” Salmagundi 168/169 (Fall 2010-Winter 2011). 30-40. Version posted at CISA.
• Moyn, Samuel. 2018. “The Alt-Right’s Favorite Meme Is 100 Years Old.” The New York Times (Nov 13).
• Neiwert, David. 2019. “How the ‘Cultural Marxism’ Hoax Began, and Why It’s Spreading Into the Mainstream.” Daily Kos (Jan 23).
• Rosenberg, Paul. 2019. “A User’s Guide to ‘Cultural Marxism’: Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theory, Reloaded.” Slate (May 5).
• Ypi, Lea. 2020. “Why Does the Right Keep Pretending the Left Runs Britain?” The Guardian (Sep 12).

Gender and the Alt-Right

• Futrelle, David. 2017a. “Inside the Dangerous Convergence of Men’s-Rights Activists and the Alt-Right.” The Cut (Mar 31).
• Futrelle, David. 2017b. “Men’s-Rights Activism Is the Gateway Drug for the Alt-Right.” The Cut (Aug 17).
• Futrelle, David. 2018. “The Time for ‘Incel’ Explainers Was Years Ago.” Huffington Post (May 2).
• Ging, Debbie. 2019. “Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the Masculinities of the Manosphere.” Men and Masculinities 22:4 (Oct). 638-657.
• Goldhill, Olivia. 2019. “Wondering What Trolls Will Do In 2020? Watch the Misogynists.” Quartz (Nov 9).
• Innuendo Studios. 2015. “Why Are You So Angry?” 6-part video series. YouTube (Jul).
• Jones, Callum, Verity Trott, and Scott Wright. 2019. “Sluts and Soyboys: MGTOW and the Production of Misogynistic Online Harassment.” New Media & Society (Online First, Nov 8).
• Leidig, Eviane. 2020. “From Incels to Tradwives: Understanding the Spectrum of Gender and Online Extremism.” Impakter (May 21).
• Losh, Elizabeth. 2016. “Hiding Inside the Magic Circle: Gamergate and the End of Safe Space.” The b2o Review (Aug 15).
• Marche, Stephen. 2016. “Swallowing the Red Pill: A Journey to the Heart of Modern Misogyny.” The Guardian (Apr 14).
• Regehr, Kaitlyn. 2020. “In(cel)doctrination: How Technologically-Facilitated Misogyny Moves Violence Off Screens and On to Streets.” New Media & Society (Oct).
• Romano, Aja. 2018. “How the Alt-Right’s Sexism Lures Men into White Supremacy.” Vox (Apr 26).
• Ross, Alexander Reid. 2020. “Proud Boys Are at War With Their Female Extremist Wing.” The Daily Beast (Dec 30).

Links Between Online Alt-Right and Physical Violence

• McGuire, Patrick. 2014. “Elliot Rodger’s Online Life Provides a Glimpse at a Hateful Group of ‘Anti-Pick-up Artists.’” Vice (May 26).
• McIntire, Mike, and Kevin Roose. 2020. “What Happens When QAnon Seeps From the Web to the Offline World.” The New York Times (Feb 9).
• Neiwert, David. 2018. “The Terrifying Trend of White Men Radicalized Online Becoming IRL Terrorists.” Vice (May 17).
• Neiwert, David. 2019. “The New Age of Chain Terrorism: White Far-Right Killers Are Inspiring Each Other Sequentially.” Daily Kos (Apr 29).
• Romano, Aja. 2021. “Baked Alaska’s Clout-Chasing Spiral Into White Supremacy Is an Internet Morality Tale.” Vox (Jan 17).

Race and the Alt-Right

• Anti-Defamation League. 2019. “Alt-Right: A Primer on the New White Supremacy.”
• Feldman, Ari. 2016. “Human Biodiversity: The Pseudoscientific Racism of the Alt-Right.” The Forward (Aug 5).
• Feldman, Ari. 2016. “How the Alt-Right Manipulates the Data to ‘Prove’ the Existence of Race.” The Forward (Aug 9).
• Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. 2018. “How the Alt-Right Uses Social Science to Make Racism Respectable.” The Nation (Jan 15).
• Oberti, Charlotte. 2017. “Is the US Alt-Right ‘Making Racism Cool Again’?” France 24 (Aug 22).
• Stanovsky, Derek. 2017. “Remix Racism: The Visual Politics of the ‘Alt-Right.'” Journal of Contemporary Rhetoric 7:2/3. 130-138. Available for download at author’s site.

Alt-Right Use of Digital Media/Media Manipulation

• Bliuc, Ana-Maria, Nicholas Faulkner, Andrew Jakubowicz, & Craig McGarty. 2018. “Online Networks of Racial Hate: A Systematic Review of 10 Years of Research on Cyber-Racism.” Computers in Human Behavior 87. 75-86. Available for download at academia.edu.
• Breland, Ari. 2019. “Anti-Semites Are Using a Popular Chat App to Compile a List of Jewish People.” Mother Jones (Sep 18).
• Breland, Ari. 2019. “How Twitter and YouTube Are Helping a White Nationalist Build a Community Fueled by Hate.” Mother Jones (Nov 21).
• Breland, Ari. 2020. “Ahead of Richmond Rally, Apple and Google Are Letting Nazis Use This App to Coordinate.” Mother Jones (Jan 19).
• Collins, Ben. 2020. “How QAnon Rode the Pandemic to New Heights–And Fueled the Viral Anti-Mask Phenomenon.” NBC News (Aug 14).
• Earle, Samuel. 2019. “How White Supremacists Around the World Are Being Connected.” New Statesman (Oct 30).
• Fisher, Max. and Amanda Taub. 2019. “How YouTube Radicalized Brazil.” The New York Times (Aug 11).
• Gaudette, Tiana, Ryan Scrivens, Garth Davies, and Richard Frank. “Upvoting Extremism: Collective Identity Formation and the Extreme Right on Reddit.” New Media & Society (Sep).
• Glaser, April, 2017. “The Internet of Hate: After Charlottesville, Nazis, White Supremacists, and the Alt-Right Have Become a Lot Less Welcome on the Web. So They’re Building Their Own.” Slate (Aug 30).
• Glaser, April. 2018. “White Supremacists Still Have a Safe Space Online.” Slate (Oct 9).
• Goerzen, Matt. 2017. “Notes Towards the Memes of Production.” Texte zur Kunst (Jun).
• Goldhill, Olivia. 2019. “The Telegram App Is Rife With Norwegian Murderer Anders Brevik’s Racist Ideology.” Quartz (Nov 16).
• Hatewatch Staff. 2018. “McInnes, Molyneux, and 4chan: Investigating Pathways to the Alt-Right.” Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center (Apr 19).
• Hayden, Michael Edison. 2020. “Neo-Nazi Collaborator Jack Posobiec Crosses One Million Twitter Followers.” Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center (Sep 9).
• Hayden, Michael Edison. 2021. “‘We Make Mistakes’: Twitter’s Embrace of the Extreme Far Right.” Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center (Jul 7).
• Heikkilä, Niko. 2017. “Online Antagonism of the Alt-Right in the 2016 Election.” European Journal of American Studies 12:2 (Summer).
• Hine, Gabriel Emile, Jeremiah Onaolapo, Emiliano De Cristofaro, Nicolas Kourtellis, Ilias Leontiadis, Riginos Samaras, Gianluca Stringhini, and Jeremy Blackburn. 2017. “Kek, Cucks, and God Emperor Trump: A Measurement Study of 4chan’s Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effects on the Web.” Draft posted to arXiv (Oct 1).
• Jankowicz, Nina, and Cindy Otis. 2020. “Facebook Groups Are Destroying America.” Wired (Jun 17).
• Kharakh, Ben. 2019. “Why White Supremacists Love Facebook.” Truthout (Sep 28).
• Koebler, Jason. 2016. “How r/TheDonald Became a Melting Pot of Frustration and Hate.” Motherboard (Jul 12).
• Knaus, Christopher. 2019. “‘A Perfect Platform’: Internet’s Abyss Becomes a Far-Right Breeding Ground.” The Guardian (Mar 18).
• Kofman, Ava, ProPublica, Francis Tseng and Moira Weigel. 2020. “The Hate Store: Amazon’s Self-Publishing Arm Is a Haven for White Supremacists.” ProPublica (Apr 7).
• Kuznia, Rob, Majlie de Puy Kamp, Sara Sidner and Mallory Simon. 2021. “How White Nationalists Evade The Law And Continue Profiting Off Hate.” CNN (Feb 19).
• Lamerichs, Nicolle, Dennis Nguyen, Mari Carmen Puerta Melguizo, Radmila Radojevic, and Anna Lange-Böhmer. 2018. “Elite Male Bodies: The Circulation of Alt-Right Memes and the Framing of Politicians on Social Media.” Participations 15:1. 180-206.
• Larsson, Anders Olof. 2020. “Right-Wingers on the Rise Online: Insights from the 2018 Swedish Elections.” New Media & Society 22:12 (Dec). 2108-2127.
• Lewis, Rebecca. 2018. “Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube.” New York: Data & Society.
• Lewis, Rebecca. 2020. “‘This Is What the News Won’t Show You’: YouTube Creators and the Reactionary Politics of Micro-Celebrity.” Television & New Media 21:2. 201-217.
• Lewis, Rebecca. 2020. “All of YouTube, Not Just the Algorithm, is a Far-Right Propaganda Machine.” FFWD (Jan 8).
• Maly, Ico. 2019. “New Right Metapolitics and the Algorithmic Activism of Schild & Vrienden.” Social Media + Society (April).
• Marwick, Alice and Rebecca Lewis. 2017. Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online. New York: Data & Society.
• McPherson, Tara. 2019. “Platforming Hate: The Internet and the Rise of Hate Online.” Access Utah (Oct 1).
• Metz, Cade. 2021. “Feeding Hate With Video: A Former Alt-Right YouTuber Explains His Methods.” New York Times (Apr 15).
• Nagle, Angela. 2017. “Paleocons for Porn.” Jacobin (Feb).
• Nissenbaum, Asaf, and Limor Shifman. 2017. “Internet Memes as Contested Cultural Capital: The Case of 4chan’s /b/ Board.” New Media & Society 19:4 (Apr). 483-501.
• Nguyen, Tina. 2020. “On Parler, MAGA’s Postelection World View Blossoms With No Pushback.” Politico (Nov 22).
• Peck, Robert. 2020. “The Hate-Fueled Rise of r/The_Donald–And Its Epic Takedown.” Wired (Aug 3).
• Phillips, Whitney, Jessica Beyer, and Gabriella Coleman. 2017. “Trolling Scholars Debunk the Idea that the Alt-Right’s Shitposters Have Magic Powers.” Motherboard (Mar 22).
• “Rabbit Rabbit.” 2020. “A Game Designer’s Analysis of QAnon.” Medium (Sep 30).
• Roose, Kevin. 2019. “The Making of a YouTube Radical.” The New York Times (Jun 8).
• Schroeder, Ralph. 2019. “Digital Media and the Entrenchment of Right-Wing Populist Agendas.” Social Media + Society (Online First, Dec 10).
• Starbird, Kate. 2017. “Information Wars: A Window into the Alternative Media Ecosystem.” Medium (Mar 14).
• Starbird, Kate. 2018. “Content Sharing within the Alternative Media Echo-System: The Case of the White Helmets. Medium (May 6).
• Starbird, Kate. 2018. “The Surprising Nuance Behind the Russian Troll Strategy.” Medium (Oct 20).
• Topinka, Robert J. 2018. “Politically Incorrect Participatory Media: Racist Nationalism on r/ImGoingToHellForThis.” New Media & Society (May). 2050-2069.
• Tuters, Marc, and Sal Hagen. 2019. “(((They))) Rule: Memetic Antagonism and Nebulous Othering on 4chan.” New Media & Society (Online First, Nov 27).
• von Moltke, Johannes. 2019. “The Meme is the Message: Alt-Right and the Political Affordances of Social Media.” Freie Universität Berlin (Jul 4).
• Wahlström, Mattias, Anton Törnberg, and Hans Ekbrand. 2020. “Dynamics of Violent and Dehumanizing Rhetoric in Far-Right Social Media.” New Media & Society (Aug).
• Weill, Kelly. 2018. “How YouTube Built a Radicalization Machine for the Far-Right.” The Daily Beast (Dec 19).
• “White Supremacist Groups Are Thriving on Facebook.” 2020. Tech Transparency Project (May 21). See also the TTP’s full report.
• Wilson, Jason. 2021. “Rightwingers Flock to ‘Alt Tech’ Networks as Mainstream Sites Ban Trump.” The Guardian (Jan 13).
• Wong, Julia Carrie. 2020. “Revealed: QAnon Facebook Groups Are Growing at a Rapid Pace Around the World.” The Guardian (Aug 11).
• Wood, Molly. 2019. “How Internet ‘Echo Chambers’ Lead to Faster Radicalization.” Marketplace Tech (Mar 20).

Cultural Connections Between Digital Culture/Technology and the Alt-Right

• “Armistead, Josephine.” 2016. “The Silicon Ideology.” (May 18).
• “Armistead, Josephine.” 2017. “The Silicon Ideology, Revisited.” (Nov 19).
• Beran, Dale. 2017. “4chan: The Skeleton Key to the Rise of Donald Trump.” Medium (Feb 14).
• Burton, Tara. 2016. “Apocalypse Whatever: The Making of a Racist, Sexist Religion of Nihilism on 4chan.” Real Life Mag (Dec 13).
• Castro-Rea, Julián. 2019. “My Girlfriend Became Neo-Nazi: The Right’s Presence and Activity in the Internet.” Berkeley Center for Right-Wing Studies (Apr 25-27).
• Cramer, Florian. 2017. “Meme Wars: Internet Culture and the ‘Alt-Right.’” Talk delivered at FACTLiverpool (Mar 7).
• Crawford, Blyth. 2020. “/k/ and the Visual Culture of Weapons Boards.” Insights. Centre for the Analysis of the Radical Right (Nov 13).
• Daniels, Jessie. 2018. “The Algorithmic Rise of the Alt-Right.” ASA Contexts 17:1 (Winter). 60-65.
• Evans, Robert. 2018. “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled.’” Bellingcat.
• Fielitz, Maik, & Holger Marcks. 2019. “Digital Fascism: Challenges for the Open Society in Times of Social Media.” Berkeley Center for Right-Wing Studies Working Paper Series (Jul 16).
• Frank, Sam. 2015. “Come With Us If You Want to Live: Among the Apocalyptic Libertarians of Silicon Valley.” Harper’s Magazine (Jan).
• Goldhill, Olivia. 2017. “The Neo-Fascist Philosophy That Underpins Both the Alt-Right and Silicon Valley Technophiles.” Quartz (Jun 18).
• Golumbia, David. 2016. The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-Wing Extremism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Gray, Rosie. 2017. “Behind the Internet’s Anti-Democracy Movement.” The Atlantic (Feb 10).
• Gray, Rosie, and Ryan Mac. 2020. “Peter Thiel Met With The Racist Fringe As He Went All In On Trump.” BuzzFeed News (Sep 11).
• Haider, Shuja. 2017. “The Darkness at the End of the Tunnel: Artificial Intelligence and Neorreaction.” Viewpoint Magazine.
• Harkinson, Josh. 2017. “Meet Silicon Valley’s Secretive Alt-Right Followers.” Mother Jones (Mar 10).
• Hine, Gabriel Emile, et. al. 2017. “Kek, Cucks, and God Emperor Trump: A Measurement Study of 4chan’s Politically Incorrect Forum and Its Effects on the Web.” arXiv revision of paper from the Proceedings of the 11th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM’17).
• Kantrowitz, Alex. 2019. “Silicon Valley’s Right Wing is Angry and Punching Back.” Buzzfeed (Jul 15).
• Kunzru, Hari. 2020. “For the Lulz.” The New York Review of Books (Mar 26).
• Levin, Talia. 2020. Culture Warlords: My Journey into the Dark Web of White Supremacy. New York: Hachette Books.
• Lewis-Kraus, Gideon. 2020. “Slate Star Codex and Silicon Valley’s War Against the Media.” The New Yorker (Jul 9).
• Linker, Damon. 2021. “The Intellectual Right Contemplates an ‘American Caesar.’” The Week (Jul 28).
• Makuch, Ben. 2020. “Talking ‘Culture Warlords’ and the Second Civil War.” Vice (Oct 30).
• Martineau, Paris. 2018. “How Alt-Right Twitter Tricks the Media Into Panicking.” The Outline (Jun 13).
• Massanari, Adrienne. 2017. “#Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s Algorithm, Governance, and Culture Support Toxic Technocultures.” New Media & Society 19:3 (Mar). 329-346.
• Metz, Cade. 2021. “Silicon Valley’s Safe Space.” The New York Times (Feb 13).
• Munn, Luke. 2019. “Alt-Right Pipeline: Individual Journeys to Extremism Online.” First Monday 24:6 (Jun 3).
• Murdoch, Simon. 2018. “Silicon Valley’s Dark Enlightenment? Neoreactionaries and the World of Tech.” Hope Not Hate (Jan 12).
• Nagle, Angela. 2016. “The New Man of 4chan.” The Baffler (Mar).
• Nagle, Angela. 2017. Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars from 4chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right. Portland, OR: Zero Books.
• O’Brien, Luke. 2020. “The Far-Right Helped Create the World’s Most Powerful Facial Recognition Technology.” Huffington Post (Apr 7).
• O’Connell, Mark. 2017. “The Techno-Libertarians Praying for Dystopia.” New York Magazine (Apr 20).
• Pein, Corey. 2014. “Mouthbreathing Machiavellis Dream of a Silicon Reich.” The Baffler (May 19).
• Pein, Corey. 2017. “The Moldbug Variations.” The Baffler (Oct 9).
• Pein, Corey. 2018. Live Work Work Work Die: A Journey into the Savage Heart of Silicon Valley. New York: Metropolitan Books.
• Pinto, Ana Teixeira. 2019. “Capitalism With a Transhuman Face.” Third Text (Oct).
• Romano, Aja. 2018. “YouTube’s Most Popular User Amplified Anti-Semitic Rhetoric. Again.” Vox (Dec 13). On PewDiePie’s role in the alt-right.
• Rozsa, Matthew. 2017. “Tech-Bros and White Supremacists: A Union Based in Paranoia and Power.” Salon.
• Sandifer, Elizabeth. 2017. Neoreaction: A Basilisk. Eruditorium Press.
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